Two-Area Load Frequency Control Using Hybrid PSO-Fuzzy Logic Controller in a Renewable Integrated Nigerian Grid

A. Sabo, Aliyu Abdul-Quadri Hujatullahi, Uzoma Joseph Ebuka, Ozioko Ugochukwu Jerald, Goji Jonathan Zira, Ibrahim Sayeddi Aliyu

Abstract


Maintaining frequency stability in interconnected power systems is increasingly challenging with rising integration of intermittent renewables. Conventional PI-based load frequency control lacks adaptability under nonlinear and time-varying conditions caused by renewable fluctuations. This paper proposes a hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization–Fuzzy Logic Controller (PSO–FLC) for secondary frequency regulation in a two-area Nigerian grid with solar and wind generation. The fuzzy controller provides adaptive control, while PSO optimizes membership functions and scaling gains to minimize frequency deviations and control effort. A MATLAB/Simulink model of the two-area system with thermal and renewable units is tested under step-load disturbances. Results show that the PSO–FLC achieves faster settling time, reduced overshoot, and lower control effort, demonstrating its superiority in enhancing frequency restoration and tie-line stability in Nigeria’s evolving power grid. 


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