Government Capital Expenditure and Student Academic Performance of Secondary Schools in Kaduna State Nigeria

Abstract

This study explores the impact of capital expenditure on the academic performance of secondary school students in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Capital expenditure in education includes government spending on infrastructure, classroom construction, renovation, laboratories, and learning facilities. Using budgetary data from 2017 to 2023 and student performance indicators such as West African Senior School Certificate Examination (WASSCE) results, the study analyzes the correlation between public investment and student outcomes Combining historical budgetary data and student performance metrics, the analysis employs quantitative methods—such as Pearson correlation and regression models—to explore the relationship between spending on infrastructure, facilities, and educational materials, and measurable student success.  Findings reveal a positive relationship between increased capital expenditure and improved academic performance, particularly in schools where infrastructure upgrades were significant The findings underscore both a significant positive effect of capital expenditure on academic outcomes, and the need for improved efficiency in fund utilization. However, disparities in fund allocation and implementation inefficiencies remain challenges. The study recommends sustained investment in educational infrastructure, equitable distribution of resources, and transparent monitoring mechanisms to enhance learning environments and student achievement across the state.