Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Isocyano-Functionalized Azo Dyes as Potential Antimicrobial Agents

Agho O. B., Obadahun J. Alani S. O., Enyeribe C. C., Abba J., Patience J. A., Asmau U. B. Bakare M. A., Onikosi B. O, Hadiza. H

Abstract


The study presents the synthesis, application and antimicrobial properties of azo dyes derived from substituted Isocyano-Functionalized Azo Dyes as diazo component with Gamma and H-acid as coupling components to produce Dye 1 and Dye 2 respectively. The physical characterization revealed yields of 70% and 80%, with melting points of 216–218 °C for Dye 1 and 195–197 °C for Dye2. UV–visible spectroscopic analysis showed absorption maxima at 473 nm for Dye 1 and 488 nm for Dye 2, confirming strong π→π∗ transitions and extended conjugation. FT–IR spectra reveals the presence of functional groups such as hydroxyl, amino, nitro, and sulfonate groups, acting as auxochromes that enhance the colour, solubility and stability of the dye products. The dyeing performance on silk and cotton fabrics demonstrated excellent affinity, with wash fastness ratings of 4 and 5, and light fastness ratings of 5 and 6 for Dye 1 and Dye 2 respectively. Dye 2 consistently exhibited superior fastness, attributed to stronger dye–fiber interactions and enhanced photostability. antimicrobial assays revealed broad-spectrum activity against staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, candida albicans, and aspergillus niger. The zones of inhibition showed Dye 2 to be more potent than Dye 1, particularly against S. aureus (33 mm vs. 25 mm) and C. albicans (28 mm vs. 21 mm). The MIC values confirmed strong inhibitory potential, with dye 2 exhibiting lower values against fungal isolates (12.5 mg/ml) compared to dye 1. The obtained MBC/MFC results further supported these findings, with dye 2 showing superior bactericidal/fungicidal activity.


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