Qualitative Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Methanolic Stem-Back Extract of Parkia biglobosa against Pathogenic Bacterial Isolates

Rukayya Saad Adam, Muhammad Yusha’u,, Auwalu Halliru Arzai

Abstract


Parkia biglobosa is a medicinal plant traditionally used in West Africa for managing diarrhoeal diseases. This study evaluated the phytochemical composition and antibacterial activity of its methanolic stem-bark extract. The powdered plant material was extracted using Soxhlet apparatus and the extract was screened for the presence of plant secondary metabolites using standard procedures while the antimicrobial activity was determined using both agar well diffusion and broth dilution techniques.  Extraction yielded 7.9 g of crude material (15.8%), characterized as dark-brown and gummy. Qualitative screening confirmed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins, terpenoids, and phenols, while reducing sugars were absent. Antibacterial assays revealed dose-dependent inhibition against enteric pathogens, with zones of inhibition ranging from 10.22 mm (Pseudomonas sp.) to 17.09 mm (E. coli) at 250 mg/ml. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values ranged from 3.91 mg/ml (E. coli, K. pneumoniae) to 31.25 mg/ml (P. aeruginosa), while Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) values extended from 7.81 mg/ml (E. coli) to 125 mg/ml (Proteus mirabilis). These findings highlight the chemical richness and antibacterial potential of P. biglobosa stem bark, supporting its continued investigation as a source of bioactive compounds for therapeutic development. Further studies involving quantitative phytochemical analysis, chromatographic separation and structural characterization of individual constituents are recommended. 


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