Hybrid Ship Propulsion Energy Management: A Comprehensive Review of Strategies, Control Techniques and Emerging Trends

Sabo Aliyu, Goji Jonathan Zira, Muhammad Isa Aliyu, Aliyu Yahaya Ahmed

Abstract


Optimal management of energy plays a crucial role in enhancing both the operational efficiency and environmental sustainability of Hybrid Propulsion Systems (HPS) used in maritime vessels. This review explores the latest and most advanced energy management techniques (EMTs) designed for hybrid marine propulsion, emphasizing methods such as Model Predictive Control (MPC), the equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS), Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP), predictive power-split approaches, and traditional rule-based systems. An assessment of recent global research on hybrid ship propulsion was conducted, comparing these EMTs based on their impacts on fuel use, emissions, and battery lifespan. Findings suggest that MPC can lead to a 10–20% improvement in fuel efficiency and help extend battery life, whereas ECMS may reduce effective fuel consumption by up to 25% under various operational conditions. Predictive power-split techniques can conserve roughly 15– 20% of energy by forecasting changes in propulsion demand up to half an hour in advance. Compared to older rule-based controls, these advanced EMTs can potentially cut CO₂ emissions by approximately 20–45% and NOx emissions by 20–60%, especially during dock manoeuvres and slow-speed cruising. Nonetheless, challenges such as the significant computational demand of real-time MPC, reliance on precise load predictions, and the absence of standardized evaluation criteria for EMT performance still exist. Consequently, integrating artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and digital twin technologies is seen as a promising pathway toward more intelligent and adaptive energy management for ships. For vessels like ferries, patrol boats, and research ships, deploying MPC or ECMS with adaptive tuning mechanisms could significantly boost fuel savings, reduce emissions, and improve overall operational performance all while helping to meet international standards. 


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